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Industrial High Pressure Applications: InhaltsangabePreface XIIIList of Contributors XVPart One Introduction 11 Historical Retrospect on High-Pressure Processes 3 Rudolf EggersReferences 62 Basic Engineering Aspects 7 Rudolf Eggers2.1 What are the Specifics of High-Pressure Processes 72.2 Thermodynamic Aspects: Phase Equilibrium 92.3 Software and Data Collection 102.4 Phase Equilibrium: Experimental Methods and Measuring Devices 102.5 Interfacial Phenomena and Data 122.6 Material Properties and Transport Data for Heat and Mass Transfer 202.7 Evaporation and Condensation at High Pressures 372.7.1 Evaporation 372.8 Condensation 43References 46Part Two Processes 493 Catalytic and Noncatalytic Chemical Synthesis 51 Joachim R&uuml ther, Ivo M&uuml ller, and Reinhard Michel3.1 Thermodynamics as Driver for Selection of High Pressure 513.1.1 Chemical Equilibrium: Law of Mass Action 513.1.2 Reaction Kinetics 533.1.3 Phase Equilibria and Transport Phenomena 553.2 Ammonia Synthesis Process 553.2.1 Basics and Principles 563.2.2 History of the Ammonia Process 573.2.3 Development of Process and Pressure 583.2.4 Special Aspects 633.3 Urea Process 643.3.1 Basics and Principles 653.3.2 History of Urea Process 673.3.3 Integration of Ammonia and Urea Processes 713.3.4 Special Construction Materials 713.4 General Aspects of HP Equipment 723.4.1 Multilayered Vessels 733.4.2 Recommendations to Vessel Design 733.4.3 Gaskets and Bolting 74References 754 Low-Density Polyethylene High-Pressure Process 77 Dieter Littmann, Giulia Mei, Diego Mauricio Castaneda-Zuniga, Christian-Ulrich Schmidt, and Gerd Mannebach4.1 Introduction 774.1.1 Historical Background 774.1.2 Properties and Markets 774.1.3 Polyethylene High-Pressure Processes 784.1.4 Latest Developments 784.2 Reaction Kinetics and Thermodynamics 784.2.1 Initiation 794.2.2 Propagation 794.2.3 Chain Transfer 804.2.4 Termination 814.2.5 Reaction Kinetics 814.3 Process 824.3.1 General Process Description 824.3.2 Autoclave Reactor 844.3.3 Tubular Reactor 854.3.4 Safety 884.4 Products and Properties 894.4.1 Blown Film 894.4.2 Extrusion Coating 904.4.3 Injection Molding 904.4.4 Wire and Cable 904.4.5 Blow Molding 904.4.6 Copolymers 914.5 Simulation Tools and Advanced Process Control 914.5.1 Introduction 914.5.2 Off-Line Applications 914.5.2.1 Flow Sheet Simulations 914.5.2.2 Steady-State Simulation of the Tubular Reactor 924.5.2.3 Dynamic Simulation of the Process 924.5.3 Online Application 934.5.3.1 Soft Sensors 934.5.3.2 Advanced Process Control 94References 96&l Homogenization Valves 1075.4 Homogenization Processes Using SEM-Type Valves 1075.4.1 Dairy Processes 1075.4.2 Pickering Emulsions 1095.4.3 Melt Homogenization 1115.4.4 Emulsion Droplets as Templates for Hybrid (Core&ndash Shell) Nanoparticle Production 1125.4.5 Submicron Emulsion Droplets as Nanoreactors 1145.4.6 Nanoparticle Deagglomeration and Formulation of Nanoporous Carriers for Bioactives 1165.5 Summary and Outlook 117References 1186 Power Plant Processes: High-Pressure&ndash High-Temperature Plants 123 Alfons Kather and Christian Mehrkens6.1 Introduction 1236.2 Coal-Fired Steam Power Plants 1256.2.1 Thermodynamics and Power Plant Efficiency 1256.2.2 Configuration of Modern Steam Power Plants 1276.3 Steam Generator 1306.3.1 Steam Generator Design 1306.3.2 Membrane Wall 1346.3.3 Final Superheater Heating Surface 1356.3.4 Final Superheater Outlet Header and Live Steam Piping 1366.4 High-Pressure Steam Turbines 1386.4.1 Configuration of Modern Steam Turbines 1386.4.2 Design Features of High-Pressure Steam Turbines 1396.5 Summary and Outlook 142References 1427 High-Pressure Application in Enhanced Crude Oil Recovery 145 Philip T. Jaeger, Mohammed B. Alotaibi, and Hisham A. Nasr-El-Din7.1 Introduction 1457.1.1 Principal Phenomena in Oil and Gas Reservoirs 1457.1.2 Reservoir Conditions 1457.2 Fundamentals 1477.2.1 Miscibility at Elevated Pressures 1477.2.2 Physical Chemical Properties of Reservoir Systems at Elevated Pressures 1487.2.2.1 Density 1487.2.2.2 Rheology 1507.2.2.3 Interfacial Tension 1517.2.2.4 Wetting 1517.2.2.5 Diffusivity 1537.2.2.6 Permeability 1547.3 Enhanced Oil Recovery 1557.3.1 Water Flooding 1577.3.2 Chemical Injection 1587.3.3 Thermal Recovery 1587.3.4 Gas Injection 1597.3.5 Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage (CCS) in EOR 1607.3.6 Combustion 1607.4 Oil Reservoir Stimulation 1617.5 Heavy Oil Recovery 1617.6 Hydrates in Oil Recovery 1627.7 Equipment 1637.7.1 Pumps 1637.7.2 Pipes 1647.7.3 Seals 1647.7.4 Separators 165References 1668 Supercritical Processes 169 Rudolf Eggers and Eduard Lack8.1 Introduction 1698.2 Processing of Solid Material 1728.2.1 Isobaric Process 1748.2.2 Single or Cascade Operation with Multistep Separation 1748.2.3 Cascade Operation and Multistep Separation 1758.2.4 Extractable Substances 1758.2.4.1 Selective Extraction 1768.2.4.2 Total Extraction 1768.2.5 Pretreatment of Raw Materials 1768.2.6 Design Criteria 1778.2.7 Design with the Use of Basket 1788.2.8 Thermodynamic Conditions 1798.2.9 Mass Transfer 1798.2.10 Hydrodynamics 1828.2.11 Energy Optimization 1828.2.12 Pump Process 1828.2.13 Compressor Proce GasAssisted HighPressure Processes 205References 2069 Impact of HighPressure on Enzymes 211 Leszek Kulisiewicz, Andreas Wierschem, Cornelia Rauh, and Antonio Delgado 9.1 Introduction 2119.2 Influence of Pressure on Biomatter 2129.3 Influence of Pressure on the Kinetics of Enzyme Inactivation 2159.4 Technological Aspects 2189.5 Summary 226References 22710 High Pressure in Renewable Energy Processes 235 Nicolaus Dahmen and Andrea Kruse10.1 Introduction 23510.2 Thermochemical Processes 23610.2.1 Pyrolysis 23710.2.2 Liquefaction 23810.2.3 Gasification 24010.2.3.1 Fixed Bed Gasifier 24210.2.3.2 Fluidized Bed Gasifiers 24310.2.3.3 Entrained Flow Gasifiers 24410.3 Hydrothermal Processes 24810.3.1 Hydrothermal Carbonization 25010.3.2 Hydrothermal Liquefaction 25110.3.3 Hydrothermal Gasification 25310.3.3.1 Catalytic Hydrothermal Gasification 25310.3.3.2 Supercritical Hydrothermal Gasification 254References 25611 Manufacturing Processes 257 Andrzej Karpinski and Rolf Wink11.1 Autofrettage: A HighPressure Process to Improve Fatigue Lifetime 26011.2 Waterjet Cutting Technology 26511.2.1 Generation of Waterjets 26511.2.2 Cutting Process and Parameters 26711.2.3 HighPressure Pumps 26911.2.4 Waterjet Cutting with 6000 bar 27211.2.5 Cutting Devices 27311.2.6 New Trends in the Waterjet Cutting 27611.2.6.1 Abrasive Water Suspension Jet 27611.2.6.2 Microcutting 27611.2.6.3 Medical Applications 277References 278Part Three Process Equipment and Safety 28312 HighPressure Components 285 Waldemar Hiller and Matthias Zeiger12.1 Materials for HighP, Englisch, Ebook.

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