Colonial Emigration Nineteenth Twentieth Centuries : Annual Reports from the Port of Calcutta Vol:1
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Von Händler/Antiquariat, Vedams eBooks (P) Ltd [573945], New Delhi, India.
Steps were taken towards the end of the eighteenth century to bring slavery to an end which culminated in 1833 only in the British colonies. The following gives an insight to the matter as well as inland immigration a precursor to the Foreign Immigration. The movement for abolition of slavery in the British colonies started around the latter part of the eighteenth century. A motion was tabled in the British Parliament in 1807. The House of Commons approved the prohibition of Slave Trade and by 1823 envisaged abolition of slavery and issued a circular for better treatment of slaves. In 1828 Colour Bar was abolished in the British Colonies. Finally in 1833 slavery throughout the British Empire was abolished. On August First 1834 twenty millions pound sterling was approved by the Imperial Treasury to be released as compensation to the owners of the slaves. The slave owners of Mauritius received a little over two millions pound sterling and in other British Colonies £19 was paid for the release of each slave. Perhaps this humanitarian gesture has no parallel in history yet at the same time when steps for abolition of slavery was being taken in England the British were successful in destroying the handloom industry in India depriving thousands and thousands of weavers of their livelihood. Up to the first quarter of the nineteenth century India was exporting cotton fabrics but by mid nineteenth century India was importing only. Earlier from about 1828 to 1833 private agents also took a few slaves from India to Mauritius which was basically a colony of slaves till 1834. In 1835 61 045 slaves were released in Mauritius. In 1897 there were 60 000 black slaves in the colony brought mostly from Mozambique on the east coast of Africa by the French settlers. Emigration started by the East India Company whose European soldiers and Indian sepoys actually annexed Mauritius in 1810 became a matter of pride for the British Crown from 1860 onwards. The British first came to India in the early seventeenth century for trading only which lasted for 220 years from about 1610 to when the Monopoly of trade of the East India Company was abolished in 1833. In 1765 the East India Company received the Diwani or revenueship of Bengal Bihar and Orissa. Governance of parts of India by the East India Company lasted only 25 years (1833 1858) though the company was annexing state after state within India from about 1800 to 1857. The British Crown actually ruled India for only 89 years within which time they annexed surrounding countries to make India one of the largest empire in the world. The Indian natives became their subjects and sending them under the garb of emigration by creating manmade famine conditions became a routine. Anyway it was a blessing in disguise. 416 pp.

Von Händler/Antiquariat, Vedams eBooks (P) Ltd [573945], New Delhi, India.
In the initial stages Indian natives were shipped to work as slaves. In the 19 century life terms convicts were taken to Mauritius Australia and Ben coolies to build roads bridges barracks etc. for the British Government. Finally indentured labour were sent to Mauritius from 1834 to 1839 under unregulated control as admitted by the East India Company in their later reports. People were so poor that they must not have hesitated to change their names castes and villages and it is also possible that they had no surviving family members when they volunteered or were forced to emigrate to new shores. Entire villages were wiped out due to regular famines and epidemy of diseases. The Portuguese British French Dutch and many others took advantage of the poverty of the Indian natives. The French took their Indian labourers from Pondicherry Mahe Karikal and Chandernagore the Dutch from Bengal from Hooghly and Chinsurah and the Danish from Srerampore in Bengal while the Portuguese had a free hand from almost the entire coast of Western India. The East India Company ceased to be a trading body in 1833 and the Governor General of Bengal was henceforth known as the Governor General of India. Lord Bentinck was the first Governor General of India and Bengal. It was under his rule that the first batches of indentured labourers were sent to Mauritius from 1834. At first private recruiting agents were sent from Mauritius to recruit labourers. Although people from Upper Bengal Bihar and Orissa were flocking to Calcutta for employment in John's Company (as the East India Company was known) it is hard to understand as to why G.C. Arbuthnot the private agents from Mauritius recruited 36 hill coolies from Chota Nagpur a belt known as Santhal Parganas now in Jharkhand and Bihar are till today the most backward tribal people in India. From 1834 to 1837 the East India Company officials paid little attention to the indentured labour emigration. It is only when much hue and cry was raised by public speeches in Calcutta and London that the East India Company sat up took note declared an embargo on emigration to Mauritius which lasted from 1838 to 1842. The Colonial Emigration Acts came on the scene in 1837 and hence proper regulation started only from 1842 43 when the embargo was lifted. After many enquiry committee's reports involving the Parliament in England that emigration of the Indian Native changed course drastically. 376 pp.

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